CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
Learning is relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior as a result of reinforced experience or practice. Learning as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. Someone is considered to have learned something if he can show changes in behavior According to this theory, important learning is input in the form of stimulus and output in the form of response. Stimulus is anything that is given by the teacher to students, while the response in the form of a reaction or the response of students to the stimulus provided by the teacher. The process that occurs between stimulus and responses not important to note because it can be not be observed and cannot be measured, with can be observed is the stimulus and response. Therefore, what is given by the teacher (stimulus) and what is received by the student (response) must be observable and measured.
Understanding learning in general all mental or psychological activities carried out by a person, causing changes in behavior that differs between after learning and before learning. Learning is also defined as a process of change in human personality and the changes are manifested in the form of an increase in the quality and quantity of behavior such as increased skills, knowledge, attitudes, habits, understanding, skills, thinking power and other abilities.
Learning according to Winkel is all mental or psychological activity that take place in active interactions in the environment, which results in changes in the management of understanding. According to Ernest R. Hilgard (1984) learning is defined as a process of action carried out intentionally, which then gives rise to changes, the sircumtances of which are different from the changes caused by others. According to Gagne (1977) is a kind of change that is shown in changes in behavior, the situation is different from before the individual was in learning situation and after taking similar actions.
Online and offline have a certain meanings in terms of computer and telecommunications technology. In general, online indicates a connected state, while offline indicates a disconnected state. Online can also be interpreted as a state of computers that can exchange information because it is connected to an internet. This concept has been extended from the meaning of computing and telecommunications into the field of human interaction and conversation, in such a way that even offline can be used in contrast to general online use. For example, discussion than take place during an-online business meeting, while issues that do not concern all meeting participants must be “taken offline” continued outside the meeting.
Online is a term when we are connected to the internet or cyberspace, whether it is connected with our social media accounts, e-mails and various other types of accounts that we use or use via the internet. At present there are many ways that can be used to be online, one of them is using a Smartphone that has a city or internet service, we can directly enter the internet network. Online can be done anytime and anywhere because online internet has no time and age restrictions so that everyone can access the internet comfortably. Online is said for internet users who made it into the internet network without experiencing an obstacle.
Online learning is the result of learning delivered electronically using computers and computer-based media. The source comes from the website, internet, CD-ROM, and DVD. Online learning not only accesses information but also guides students to achieve specific learning outcomes. So with that we prepared a paper to discuss about the online learning.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. What is Online Learning?
2. What Types of Online Learning?
3. What the benefits of online learning in learning English?
4. What the advantages dan disadvantages of online learning in learning English?
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
ONLINE LEARNING
Online Learning encompasses a range of technologies such as the world wide web, email, chat, new groups and texts, audio and video conferencing delivered over computer networks to impart education. It helps the learner to learn at their own pace, according to their own convenience. Online Education requires a great deal of resources and careful planning. In this, teachers act as facilitators rather than transmitters of content knowledge, and ICT is regarded as resource that enhances the learning experience of students. Learners learn through e-learning tools which are available to all. E-Learning has brought back the joy in learning through its innovative and interactive content delivery and has proved to be more appealing among students.
Online learning is the process of answering a sequence of questions given (maybe partial) knowledge of the correct answers to previous questions and possibly additional available information. The study of online learning algorithms is an important domain in machine learning, and one that has interesting theoretical properties and practical applications. Koran in Rusman (2013: 316) states that online learning is learning that uses electronic network equipment (LAN, WAN, or internet) to deliver learning material, interactions, and guidance. Whereas LearnFrame.Com in Glossary of eLearning Terms [Glossary, 2001] revealed that. Online Learning is an educational system that uses electronic applications to support teaching and learning with Internet media, computer networks, and standalone computers. Thus it can be concluded that online learning is a teaching and learning activity that utilizes electronic devices as media to support the process.
Online learning in the broadest sense can include learning that is done in electronic media (internet) both formally and informally. formal online learning for example is learning with curriculum, syllabus, subjects and tests that have been arranged and arranged based on a schedule agreed upon by the relevant parties (online learning managers and learners themselves). Learning like this is usually a high level of interaction and is required by the company to its employees or distance learning that is managed by universities and companies (usually consulting companies) that are engaged in providing online learning services to the public. online learning can also be done informally with simpler interactions, for example through means of mailing lists, e-newsletters or personal websites, organizations and companies that want to socialize certain services, programs, knowledge or skills to the wider community (usually free of charge).
Online learning is a system that can facilitate learners learning more broadly, more widely, and in a variety of ways. Through the facilities provided by the system, learners can learn anytime and anywhere without being limited by distance, space and time. Learning material learned is more varied, not only in depth verbal form, but rather more varied such as visual, audio, and motion. Online learning requires learners and instructors to communicate interactively by utilizing information technology and communication, such as computer media with the internet, telephone or fax, The use of this media depends on the structure of the learning material and the types of communication needed.
TYPES OF ONLINE LEARNING
1. Computer Managed Learning (CML)
In the case of computer-managed learning (CML), also known as Computer Managed Instruction (CMI), computers are used to manage and assess the learning process. Computer-managed learning systems operate through information databases. This database contains bits of information that students must learn, along with a number of ranking parameters that allow the system to be adjusted individually according to each student's preferences. As a result of two-way communication between students and computers, a determination can be made whether students reach their learning goals at satisfactory levels. If not, then the process can be repeated until students reach the desired learning goal. In addition, educational institutions use computer-managed learning systems to store and retrieve information that helps in the management of education. This could mean information such as lecture information, training material, grades, curriculum information, registration information, among others.
2. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), also sometimes referred to as computer-assisted learning (CAL), is another type of e-learning that uses computers together with traditional teaching. This could mean interactive software for students or the type of training software used by Patrick Suppes of Stanford University in 1966. Computer-assisted training methods use a combination of multimedia such as text, graphics, sound and video to enhance learning. CAI's main value is interactivity - this allows students to become active learners, not passive learners, by utilizing various methods such as quizzes and teaching and other computer-aided testing mechanisms. Most schools today, both online and traditional, use a wide variety of computer-aided learning to facilitate the development of skills and knowledge in their students.
3. Synchronous Online Learning
Synchronous online learning allows a group of students to participate in joint learning activities at the same time, from any place in the world. Real-time synchronous online learning often involves online chat and video conferencing, because these tools allow trainees and instructors to ask questions and answer questions instantly while being able to communicate with other participants. Such community-oriented online learning is made possible by the rapid development of online learning technology. Before the invention of computer networks in the 1960s, truly synchronous e-learning was practically impossible to implement. At present, synchronous e-learning is considered very beneficial because it eliminates many of the common weaknesses of e-learning, such as social isolation and poor teacher-to-student relations and student-to-student relationships. Synchronizing e-learning is currently one of the most popular and fastest growing types of e-learning.
4. Asynchronous Online Learning
In the case of asynchronous online learning, groups of students study independently at different times and locations from each other, without real-time communication taking place. Asynchronous e-learning methods are often considered to be more student-centered than their synchronous counterparts, as they give students more flexibility. For these reasons, asynchronous e-learning is often preferred by students who do not have flexible schedules, because it allows them to utilize self-paced learning. They can set their own timeframes for learning, and they are not required to learn at specific time intervals together with other students. Before the invention of the PLATO computer system, all e-learning was considered to be asynchronous, as there were no methods of computer networking available. However, nowadays, with the availability of computers and the World Wide Web, deciding between synchronous and asynchronous e-learning becomes a more difficult task, as each has their pros and cons.
5. Fixed E-Learning
Fixed e-learning is a fancy name for something you are likely already familiar with. “Fixed” in this context means that the content used during the learning process does not change from its original state and all the participating students receive the same information as all the others. The materials are predetermined by the teachers and don’t adapt to the student’s preferences. This type of learning has been the standard in traditional classrooms for thousands of years, but it’s not ideal in e-learning environments. That is because fixed e-learning does not utilize the valuable real-time data gained from student inputs. Analyzing each student individually through their data and making changes to the materials according to this data leads to better learning outcomes for all students.
6. Adaptive E-Learning
Adaptive e-learning is a new and innovative type of e-learning, which makes it possible to adapt and redesign learning materials for each individual learner. Taking a number of parameters such as student performance, goals, abilities, skills, and characteristics into consideration, adaptive e-learning tools allow education to become more individualized and student-centered than ever before. We are now at a point in time where laboratory-based adaptive instructional techniques can be used for mathematical sequencing of student data. When done correctly, this could mean a new era for educational science. While this type of e-learning can be more difficult to plan and accomplish than traditional teaching methods, it’s potential value and effectiveness is often understated.
7. Linear E-Learning
When referring to human-computer interaction, linear communication means that information passes from sender to receiver, without exception. In the case of e-learning, this becomes a very limiting factor, as it does not allow two-way communication between teachers and students. This type of e-learning does have its place in education, although it’s becoming less relevant with time. Sending training materials to students through television and radio programs are classic examples of linear e-learning.
8. Interactive Online Learning
Interactive e-learning allows senders to become receivers and vise versa, effectively enabling a two-way communication channel between the parties involved. From the messages sent and received, the teachers and students can make changes to their teaching and learning methods. For this reason, interactive e-learning is considerably more popular than linear, as it allows teachers and students to communicate more freely with each other.
9. Individual Online Learning
Individual learning in this context refers to the number of students participating in achieving the learning goals, rather than the student-centeredness of the material. This type of learning has been the norm in traditional classrooms for thousands of years. When practicing individual learning, the students study the learning materials on their own (individually), and they are expected to meet their learning goals on their own. This type of learning is not ideal for developing communicational skills and teamwork abilities in students, as it largely focuses on students learning independently, without communication with other students. Therefore, a more modern approach is necessary to supplant the communicational of skills and abilities.
10. Collaborative Online Learning
Collaborative e-learning is a modern type of learning method, through which multiple students learn and achieve their learning objectives together as a group. Students have to work together and practice teamwork in order to achieve their common learning objectives. This is done through the formation of effective groups, where each individual student has to take into account the strengths and weaknesses of each other student. This boosts the communicational skills teamworking abilities of the students. Collaborative e-learning expands on the idea that knowledge is best developed inside a group of individuals where they can interact and learn from each other. While this type of learning is more often used in traditional classrooms than in online courses, it’s still a valid type of e-learning which can be highly effective if done correctly
BENEFIT ONLINE LEARNING
1. E-learning can be measured
E-learning allows you to quickly create and communicate new policies, ideas, training and concepts. E-learning can be used for formal and informal learning atmosphere. E-learning is something that is very fast. E-learning helps us to keep up to date with the latest information. You do not need to spend a lot of time and linger on something that has been mastered. You can skip the session that has been mastered and move to the next session. E-learning allows you to determine the path you want to choose.
2. E-learning has the capacity and consistency
E-learning enables educators to reach the expected number of viewers. E-learning also ensures educators that the message delivered is always in a consistent way. This has an impact on people who learn equally. They receive training with the same capacity.
3. E-learning helps high memory
E-learning has a mixed learning process. This mixed learning process approach will be able to add to the memory of the knowledge learned. It also allows each task to be edited and updated whenever you want and need it. And this can help you when you want to apply for the desired job. You can combine each of your learning experiences into one data that will later be useful for your progress.
4. E-learning saves time and money
This is the benefit of E-learning that is known by many people. E-learning reduces the amount of work time, removes transfer space and even eliminates the need for training in the classroom. Of course this will save money on transportation, photocopy of material and accommodation. You can have material anytime. And of course you have more time to learn it, because you don't need to move from one place to another.
5. E-learning is very friendly to the environment
E-learning can reduce the amount of carbon footprint because you don't need to print quizzes or other material. You can do everything online. Of course this is also a good action for the environment. E-learning reduces the use of carbon footprints by almost 90%. And you don't need to waste energy on facilities, accommodation and equipment used in learning in the classroom. Much more practical, right?
6. E-learning can help activities and return on investment
If you use a learning management system, known as an LMS, you will easily see the progress of each participant and easily report on the progress. Surely this is an investment that will benefit every worker and even the organization.
ADVANTAGE and DISAVANTAGE ONLINE LEARNING IN ENGLISH
The advantages of using e-learning according to one source are:
1. Is an effective, fast and credible communication medium for delivering e-learning material from an expert
2. Covers a large area
3. Participants get a complete visualization of the conversation.
4. Large or small classes: Classes no longer need physical form, they can all be built into Internet applications.
5. Anytime, Anywhere: Can be accessed from any location and is global. Elearning removes time and place restrictions with traditional class characteristics by using asynchronous communication modes such as email, online discussions, students can access 24 hours a day. Building Community: Learning is a social process. Students can learn to exchange information with one another as with instructors. Real time and non-real time interactions can be created.
6. Improving student learning: Through the Internet organizations will be able to focus more on organizing education / training programs. Accommodate the entire learning process and also transactions. The material can be designed multimedia and dynamic. Learning participants can connect to various virtual libraries throughout the world and make it a research medium in improving understanding of teaching materials. Teachers / instructors / lecturers can quickly add teaching material references that are case studies, industry trends and technology projections going forward through various sources to add participants' insights to the teaching material. As for the benefits of using blended learning as a combination of face-to-face teaching and online teaching, but more than that as an element of social interaction, namely:
· Interaction between teachers and students
· Teaching can be on line or face to face
· Blended Learning = combining instructional modalities (or delivery media),
· Blended Learning = combining instructional methods
The disadvantages of the E-Learning learning system are as follows:
1. Tendency to ignore the academic aspects or social aspects.
2. The learning and teaching process tends towards training rather than education.
3. Changing the role of the teacher and who initially mastered conventional learning techniques, are now also required to know learning techniques that use ICT.
4. Students who do not have high learning motivation tend to fail
5. Not all internet facilities are available (maybe this is related to the problem of the availability of electricity, telephone, or computer).
6. Lack of computer mastery.
7. Lack of interaction between teacher and student and even between students themselves. This lack of interaction can slow the formation of values in the teaching-learning process. While the shortcomings in the application of Blended Learning according to my analysis is that the application or use of blended learning is very good, where the learning system is a mixture of online learning (through internet media) and also face-to-face learning (face to face with the instructor directly ), Another advantage is, the teacher is able to monitor student progress, because that makes me confused what the lack of this learning system.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Basically online learning allows access flexibility, from anywhere and usually at any time. That allows learning to save time and space. However, teaching materials must be well designed by involving students and able to improve learning. Online learning has many advantages, but it must also be supported by commitment and resources, and must be done properly. That means the teaching material in online learning is good, with a focus on learning and students with adequate support tools. Online learning must have high authenticity (students must learn in the context of the work environment), high interactivity, and high collaboration.
Online learning is learning that uses computers that are connected to the internet online and is one type of e-learning. The difference between e-learning and online learning is that e-learning uses a wider range of electronic media by not limiting whether the media can be accessed online or not while online learning limits the scope of the learning media used to be able to be accessed online. The relationship between e-learning and online learning is shown by using the same method of delivering teaching materials, which are synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous method means learning occurs with the condition of the teacher and students in the same class and time even though in different places. Asynchronous method means learning occurs in the condition of teachers and students in the same class virtually even in different times and places.
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